Issue 3 (5)-2024

Abstract.

Problem and purpose. Heavy metals (HMs) are cytoplasmic poisons that affect the quantity of crops and quality of products, worsening the productivity of land. The purpose of the research was to analyze the agrochemical properties of leached chernozem in terms of resistance to pollution by heavy metals when applying an organic fertilizer based on animal waste.

Methodology. The research methodology was generally accepted. Analyzes were performed with the participation of Candidate of Technical Sciences, leading researcher of Federal Scientific Center for Hydraulic Engineering and Land Reclamation K.N. Evsenkin. Research results were processed using Statistika 10 program.

Results. HMs in organic fertilizer were in quantities lower than the standard. The fraction of physical clay in the arable horizon was 60% in the granulometric composition of leached chernozem. According to the ratio of the sums of fractions, the soil belonged to the silty light clay variety. In the third year after applying organic fertilizer based on animal waste, the content of Ntot. increased by 20%, P2O5 by 19%, K2O by 31%, humus content by 0.1%. The oat yield was higher than the average one for Ryazan region and for the farm by 34 and 36%, respectively. pHKCl corresponded to gradations close to neutral. The total amount of cations was 32 mg∙eq/100 g of soil. Based on the number of absorbed bases, the soil was included in the very high group. Leached chernozem has a buffer capacity; its absorbed cations are dominated by Ca2+ and Mg2+, their content increased to 38 mg∙eq/100 g of soil. The total number of cellulose-degrading microflora increased from 277 thousand CFU/g to 322 thousand CFU/g. The concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb corresponded to the level of gradation on the scale of environmental regulation for mobile forms as moderately hazardous, and for the concentration of Cu as highly hazardous. According to the scale of partial estimates of buffering to HMs in terms of humus content, the soil was in the range of 3.5 points, physical clay was 8 points, sesquioxides were 4 points, pH was 10 points, taking into account the correction factor. The buffering capacity of the soil in relation to HM was 25.5 points, that is, it was higher than the gradation (from 31 to 40 points), which, in general, corresponded to the indicators of poor soil. Metal complex Z=36.2 mg/kg. The quality of products (grain) met the standard. The integrated assessment of contamination of grain with heavy metals was 3.29, which indicated the 1st level of contamination. The calculated value of the buffering capacity of leached chernozem made it possible to identify a slight decrease in the toxic effect of heavy metals.

Conclusion. The content of heavy metals in the soil corresponded to the level of gradation on the scale of environmental regulation as moderately hazardous, except for Cu - highly hazardous. The buffering capacity of the soil, depending on its properties, was equal to 25.5 points, which corresponded to soils of low fertility. An integrated assessment of product contamination showed a low level of heavy metals transfer from soil to grain, which indicated a decrease in their toxic effect.

Abstract.

Problem and purpose. The efficiency of an organic fertilizer based on animal waste was studied by the reaction of the underground organs of cereals. When the nutritional regime of the soil changes, plants respond to this with their growth, including their underground organs. The purpose of this research was to study the formation of underground organs of cereals in crop rotations when applying the organic fertilizer based on animal waste.

Methodology. The study of the formation of underground organs of agricultural plants was carried out according to the method of Rozhkov et al. in a natural setting when digging a pit and visually observing the distribution, as well as in the laboratory of botany of Ryazan State Agrotechnological University when carrying out measurements, calculations and microscopy. The research results were processed using Statistika 10 program.

Results. The root system of experimental plants was more powerful with a well-developed absorption zone. In the oat root system, ∑ volume was 5 571 cm3, ∑ weight was 959 g/m2, which was 146% more, ∑ soil saturation was 9.2%, which was 4.8% more than in control plants. The maximum values for the mass of roots were found in the layer of 0-15 cm, the volume and saturation of the soil with roots was 0-25 cm, which was consistent with the control plants. In winter rye, the root system developed a little better: ∑ root volume was 5 740 cm3, ∑ weight was 1 084 g/m2, which was 21.5% more, ∑ soil saturation was 10.4%, which was 1.2% more than in the control plants. The maximum values for root mass, volume and soil saturation were established in a layer of 20-25 cm, which was consistent with control plants.

Conclusion. The changes were confirmed by an increase in the volume, weight and saturation of the soil with oats roots by 222 cm3/m2, 122 g/m2, 1.4%, respectively, and by 391 cm3/m2, 192 g/m2, 1.2% with winter rye compared to control plants.

Abstract.

Problem and purpose. The soil of Kukmorsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan is gray forest, contaminated with heavy metals (HM), eroded. To obtain stable high yields of agricultural crops, it is necessary to carry out restoration measures aimed at reducing the level of pollution with priority Cd, Pb, Ni and preventing the negative effects of erosion. The purpose of the research was to select a binary mixture of phytoremediant plants.

Methodology. The research was carried out in the form of a vegetation experiment in vessels and a full-scale study. Complex soil pollution was simulated by introducing into it chemically pure sulfate salts of cadmium, lead, nickel in doses corresponding to the scale of normalization of soil pollution levels: permissible (below the maximum permissible concentration), low (at 1 MPC level), medium (at 3 MPC level), high (at 5 MPC level). Amaranthus candatus, Melilotus officinalis, Secale cereale, Zea mays, Avena sativa and their binary mixtures were used as phytoremediant plants. The field experiment in the agricultural production cooperative Named after Vakhitov in Kukmorsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan was set up to determine the optimal method and sowing rate of a binary mixture of Amaranthus candatus + Zea mays. The research methodology was generally accepted. The research results were processed in Statistika10 computer program. Weather conditions during the years of research were close to the long-term average for Kukmorsky district. The average hydrothermal coefficient over the years of study was 0.92.

Results. The mixture of Amaranthus candatus + Zea mays showed greater responsiveness to heavy metals in the soil. Toxicants accumulated in plants mainly in roots: Amaranthus candatus + Zea mays was 14% more than in above-ground organs. BAC (coefficient of biological absorption) and TC (translocation coefficient) were the highest in the mixture of Amaranthus candatus + Zea mays - 14.1 and 13.8, respectively. Similar results were obtained in a field experiment. Plant weight and photosynthetic activity of leaves were maximum when sowing a binary mixture of Amaranthus candatus + Zea mays in one row. The total photosynthetic potential was 3 019 thousand m2/ha/day. The green yield was 38.8 t/ha. In addition, on agricultural lands of Kukmorsky district with developed erosion, methods of contour-reclamation organization of the territory and the implementation of anti-erosion agrotechnical measures were recommended.

Conclusion. On gray forest soils of the Agricultural Production Complex Named after Vakhitov, Kukmorsky district, it is necessary to carry out a set of measures aimed at reducing their contamination with heavy metals by cultivating for a number of years a binary mixture of Amaranthus candatus + Zea mays in single-row sowing with row spacing of 57.5 cm wide, seeding rates of 0.188 kg/ha and 14.6 kg/ha, respectively. To reduce the negative impact of soil erosion agrotechnical and reclamation measures are necessary.

Abstract.

Problem and purpose. In the modern world, environmentally friendly products are of great importance. The population is more and more concerned about their health and proper nutrition. Biological preparations are one of the options for the cultivation of environmentally friendly products. They are available not only to large agricultural enterprises, but also to ordinary people. Biological preparations contain all the necessary elements for the full growth and development of crops. The purpose of the study is a comparative study of the effect of the biological product Energen-Aqua, as well as mineral fertilizers on the productivity of beetroot in the Bordeaux 237 dining room

Methodology. The field experiment was conducted at the experimental station of the UNIC "Agrotechnopak". The scheme of the experience: 1. Control – seed treatment with water; 2. Seed treatment + seedling treatment Energen-Aqua; 3. Application of mineral fertilizers; 4. Application of mineral fertilizers + treatment Energen-Aqua. The agrotechnics of beet cultivation in the dining room are generally accepted for this area. Research methods are generally accepted.

Results. In the studied variants, the yield increase ranged from 6.4 to 13.4 t/ha. The use of the Energen-Aqua preparation gave the smallest increase, and the greatest increase was the combined use of mineral fertilizers and the Energen-Aqua preparation. In this case, the yield increased by 47%. In the absence of fertilizers, the yield increased by 22%. High doses of fertilizers led to a 36% increase in beet yields. Thus, the combined use of Energen-Aqua and mineral fertilizers proved to be the most effective.

Conclusion. We found that the best variant of the experiment turned out to be with the application of mineral fertilizers + treatment of Energen-Aqua when growing table beet of the Bordeaux 237 variety.

Abstract.

Problem and purpose. A comfortable urban (urbanized) environment is a capital that includes objects of various utilitarian purposes created in a point order, i.e. housing, social network, industrial facilities. It also includes transport infrastructure facilities that allow city residents to move not only within the boundaries of a given territory, but also to move from a certain agglomeration to other territories. These territories should be integrated into the urban space taking into account the environmental component. Therefore, issues of landscaping, improvement of parks and maintaining them in an optimal sanitary condition are currently the basic issues in creating a favorable urban environment. These requirements, both primary and aesthetic, have become the standard of modern life and should form the basis for development plans for urban territories. The purpose of the research was to obtain multi-stage information on the state of woody plants in the city as a possible bioindicator of the state of the urbanized environment and its individual components.

Methodology. The research work was divided into 2 stages – field and office. Field studies were associated with detailed tree taxation and determining a tree condition. The route survey was conducted in Gagarin Park, which is a public green space of district significance and is located in Moskovsky district of the city of Ryazan. The inventory was conducted according to the standard "Methodology for inventory of urban green spaces". The taxation and determining a tree condition were conducted in accordance with the methodology of "Ecological assessment of the state of specially protected natural areas", as well as "Guidelines for planning, organizing and conducting forest pathology surveys". Office processing included systematization of the obtained data.

Results. According to the results of the conducted research, the least resistant to urban conditions species were box elder (Kaver=2.79), balsam poplar (Kaver=2.27) and silver birch (Kaver=2.29). High resistance was noted in Siberian larch (Kaver=1.26), small-leaved linden (Kaver=1.93) and Norway maple (Kaver=1.94). Balsam poplar and common ash were represented by all categories of tree condition. The maximum number of dead trees was noted in ash, which was associated with the activity of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). This species had the worst weighted average condition index - 3.92. Due to the irregular shape of the crown, large branches of the box elder trees were damaged mechanically and dried out, therefore 84.61% of specimens were classified as weakened and very weakened. This species had many trunk defects. Small-leaved linden had a high percentage of healthy specimens (42.86%), as well as weakened ones (39.79%). Norway maple was susceptible to spotting and powdery mildew, but these were slender healthy trees, the condition index of those species was 1.94. Among conifers, larch was represented by the largest number of specimens. It felt good in the park (condition index 1.26). However, Dasyscypha willkommii was found on its trunks.

Conclusion. The average weighted index of stand resistance Kaver was 2.55. The most common were leaf damages from various spots that did not affect the condition of the species (Phyllosticta negundinis, Sawadaia bicornis, Rhytisma acerinum, Sawadaea tulasnei, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Melampsora medusae, Marssonina populi, Gloeosporium tiliae, Dothidella betulina, Phyllactinia guttata, Phyllosticta sorbi), as well as rot and cancerous damage to trunks caused by the step form of the pathogen (Neonectria galligena, Dasyscypha willkommii).