Issue 1 (1)-2023

The problem and the goal. In the complex of measures for the cultivation of agricultural crops, in order to obtain high and stable yields, one of the leading places belongs to tillage, and special attention is paid to seeding rates. We have conducted research to establish the influence of the systems of basic and pre-sowing treatments of the soil, as well as seeding rates on the growth and development, the contamination of crops and the yield of oats in the conditions of sod-podzolic soil of the eastern part of the Volga-Vyatka zone.

Methodology. Field experiments were conducted in the conditions of sod-podzolic medium loamy soil of the Republic of Mari El by granulometric composition. The object of research is oats of the Bulany variety. Agrotechnology of culture – recommended for the zone. Records, observations and analyses were carried out according to generally accepted methods.

Results. It was found that the use of dump plowing in the basic tillage system reduced the contamination of oat crops by 35.8-53.4%, depending on the methods of pre-sowing tillage and the phase of crop development, and the use of continuous cultivation in preparing the soil for sowing – by 7.7-22.8%. Oats cultivated with a seeding rate of 7.0 million units/ha formed a higher leaf area during the growing season. The photosynthetic potential was 1502.7 thousand m2/ha ? and the net productivity of photosynthesis is 3.43 g/m2?day. The highest yield of sowing oats was provided when disking and non–tillage were used in the main tillage system, and harrowing, cultivation and rolling were used in the pre–sowing system, and sowing was carried out with a seeding rate of 7.0 million units/ha - 3.0-3.6 t/ha. In other variants, grain yield was 8.1-46.7% lower.

Conclusion. Studies have established that when cultivating seed oats in the conditions of sod-podzolic soil of the eastern part of the Volga-Vyatka zone, it was agronomically effective to carry out disking and non–tillage in the system of basic tillage, and pre-sowing - harrowing, cultivation and rolling, and sowing was carried out with a seeding rate of 7.0 million units/ha.

The problem and the goal. To understand the complexity of soil fertility and its management, methods of multidimensional statistical analysis can be used. The purpose of the research is to assess the stability of fertility and its optimization using cluster analysis and the principal component method. They allow us to present the whole set of soil properties as one factor.

Methodology. The work was carried out based on the materials of an agrochemical survey on agro-gray soils. Separately, the cultivated areas were divided into elementary plots with an area of 5-8 hectares (on arable land). One mixed soil sample was taken from each elementary site, which consisted of 20-45 individual samples. The volume of the analyzed sample was 224 samples. Records, observations and analyses were carried out according to generally accepted methods.

Results. It was found that optimal fertility parameters of agro-gray soil were achieved at pHKCl – 5.5–5.6 units, Ng – 1.7–1.9 mg-eq/100 g, P2O5 – 225-240 mg/kg, K2O – 158-192 mg/kg, humus – 3.0-3.4%, Md2+ – 4,4-6,0 mg-eq/100 g, V – 90-91%.

Conclusion. A step-by-step adjustment of the bonus grouping is proposed, first performed on the basis of the median, then by methods of multidimensional statistical analysis, in which a reliable classification of the agrochemical soil properties involved in the assessment and their equal contribution to discrimination were achieved.

The problem and the goal. Currently, the reclaimed lands of the Ryazan Meschera have undergone significant changes over a long period of anthropogenic impact, which have formed degradation processes.

It is known that soil fertility should currently be maintained by various methods, including the introduction of a variety of fertilizer meliorants. In order to study the aftereffect of the introduction of a meliorant based on the floor on soil fertility and the yield of perennial grasses with subsurface moistening, research is being conducted in the village of Polkovo, whose lands have undergone degradation processes.

Methodology. The soil is reclaimed peat bogs, provided with mobile phosphorus and depleted with exchangeable potassium, acidified. The proposed new meliorant, which includes pollen, manure, lowland peat with the addition of macro- and micro-fertilizers and lime. The studied crops are perennial grasses for hay. The field experience had a three-fold repetition of the systematic placement of variants in one tier.

Results. It was found that the phosphorus content increased from 23.3 mg/100 g at the control to 26.7... 28.8mg/100 g, respectively, for the variants, and potassium - from 7.1 mg/100 g to 7.3... 7.7 mg/100 g, respectively, for the variants. As a result of the increase in the content of organic matter, the content of nitrate and ammonia nitrogen has increased, which occurs when nitrogen of organic compounds is converted into inorganic ammonium ions and nitrates. The improvement of the agrochemical properties of the soil led to an increase in the yield of grasses to 31.0 t/ha.

Conclusion. Summarizing the above, a high yield of perennial grasses in both the first and second mowing was obtained on the variant with the introduction of UM (fertilizer meliorant) in the amount of 80 tons per hectare and amounted to 22.5 and 31.0 tons/ha of hay, respectively, which is 10 and 14.5 tons more than on the control; and on the background variant+60 t/ha of UM (19.5 and 28.3 t/ha), which is the most effective according to economic indicators. However, it should be taken into account the maintenance of groundwater in the experiment at the level of 70-80 cm from the daytime surface by means of sluicing.

The problem and the goal. Currently, agricultural crops are not cultivated on the former reclamation lands in the village of Polkovo. The former agricultural landscape is overgrown with grassy meadow vegetation, including medicinal. Currently, the herb of the mountaineer pochechuiny is in demand as a medicinal raw material, and therefore its cultivation in culture is an urgent and timely task. Taking into account the development of degradation processes, a decrease in the level of fertility of the former reclaimed soils, the introduction of biofertilizer can have a positive effect due to an increase in the yield of Regsis maculosa and an improvement in the quality of medicinal raw materials.

Methodology. The studies were carried out in the field on reclaimed sod-podzolic soil of the village of Polkovo. The scheme of the experiment included variants in 4-fold repetition: sowing on a natural background – control, option 1 - application of biofertilizer 2 kg / m2, option 2 - application of biofertilizer 2 kg / m2 with pre-sowing treatment of seeds with humic preparation Humate Baikal. The State Customs Committee for Selyaninov is 0.99. The soil has a low level of fertility. The research methodology is generally accepted. The reliability of the studies was confirmed by statistical processing on the computer program Statistika 10.

Results. The raw productivity of the grass (leaves, stems) of the mountaineer was obtained on the control – 0.68 kg/m2 in dry weight, and on the experimental variants 1.40 and 1.67 kg/m2, respectively, which is explained by the higher stem height and leaf area, and the number of plants per m2. The chemical composition of the herb has changed due to an increase in the concentration of ascorbic acid from 4030 mg/kg dry.substances up to 4840...4905 mg/kg dry.substances, respectively. Active substances in stems and foliage increased by 0.6...0.7% of pectin substances; 0.02...0.03% of essential oils and 0.56 and 0.72% of flavonoids with a confidence probability of 95%. Factors influencing the productivity of Persicaria maculosa, the following: factor 1 – soil moisture at different distances from the main drainage channel (unregulated) with r = 12.2%, factor 2 – nutrient regime through the introduction of chemicals (regulated) with r = 43.4%.

Conclusion. The most optimal in the first year of research was option 2, which obtained the maximum yield of grass (+ 1.00 kg / m2 compared to the control), increased the concentration of ascorbic acid, active substances.

The problem and the goal. The article presents the results of many years of research on the cultivation of spring barley. Have you studied yield, carbohydrate content and activity?- and?-amylase of spring barley grains of two varieties Berkut and Orlan when using nitrogen mineral fertilizers and the biological preparation Aminocate. We studied the yield, the carbohydrate content of starch and sugars, as well as the activity of enzymes that break down starch in the processes of seed germination, baking, malt production, such as ?-, ?-amylases and their total activity in the grain of spring barley of two varieties Berkut and Orlan when using nitrogen mineral fertilizers, the biological preparation Aminocate and their combined action.

Methodology.

Results. It was found that fertilizers, aminocate and their combined use had a positive effect on the studied indicators, such as yield, starch, sugars and total amylase activity, by various values from 13...40%. The Golden Eagle variety exceeded the values of the studied indicators of the Orlan variety from 9 to 17%. Fertilizers, aminocate and their combined use increased the values of beta-amylase activity and the total activity of Berkut spring barley grain with the combined use of fertilizers and aminocate. The greatest significance in increasing the activity of beta-amylases and the total activity during the cultivation of spring barley of the Orlan variety was manifested when using both fertilizers separately and the combined action of fertilizers + aminocate.

Conclusion. The influence of fertilizers to a greater extent on the increase in activity ?- amylase and amounts ?- and?-amylase of the Orlan spring barley variety, is the result of the varietal distinctive characteristic of the studied varieties of spring barley Berkut and Orlan.