Issue 3 (9)-2025

Abstract. The article presents the results of agrochemical and microbiological examination of leached chernozem, presented in comparison of two agrocenoses in crop rotation with cultivation of winter rye and application of organic fertilizer based on livestock waste. The relationship between microflora and transformation of different forms of nitrogen, expressed by statistical processing in the form of a curve, is shown.

Problem and purpose. Nitrogen is the main nutrient for plants and the study of its metabolism in interaction with microflora is an urgent task. The purpose of the research was to establish the degree and nature of the relationship between the number of microorganisms and the content of mobile forms of nitrogen.

Methodology. The studies were conducted over 4 years using generally accepted methods. The experimental design included different options, of which the optimal one was the application of organic fertilizer based on livestock waste at a dose of 15 t / ha under winter rye in crop rotation. The results were awarded patent 2787398 C1 bronze medal at the Archimedes-2024 competition. Statistical processing of the results was performed using Statistika 10 computer program.

Results. A curvilinear relationship between the growth of microflora and the accumulation of mineral nitrogen in the soil was established. The maximum share of participation in the transformation of nitrogen in the soil was found in bacteria grown on MPA. The share of participation of this factor in the accumulation of ammonium nitrogen was 29.9%, nitrate nitrogen - 53.2%. The share of participation of zymogenic microflora in the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen was high.

Conclusion. The growth of the number of microflora (in particular on MPA and CAA) and the accumulation of ammonium and nitrates were associated with each other and had a rectilinear character up to a certain point, after reaching the maximum number it change to a curvilinear character.

Abstract. The article presents the results of complex measures on the sierozem-meadow soil of the Talas irrigation massif.

Problem and purpose. Sierozem-meadow soils have a low level of fertility and can have high productivity only under conditions of irrigation, fertilization, deep loosening, etc. The purpose of the research was to study the efficiency of a set of measures to increase the productivity of saline sierozem-meadow soil.

Methodology. The research was conducted at Tuymeken LLC, located in the Talas River valley of Zhambyl district of Almaty region. The object of research were saline sierozem-meadow soil of different fertility levels, surface and ground water, and corn and alfalfa plants under surface irrigation. The soil was sierozem-meadow rainfed and irrigated. Traditional research methodology was applied.

Results. Plowing with deep loosening accelerated the leaching season by 2.5-3 times with an improvement in soil fertility indicators, but at the same time, a rapid movement of soluble harmful salts in the arable layer was observed. Pollution factors were established and coefficients were calculated that characterize the level of environmental hazard in the estimated soil layer. The environmental coefficient was 0.61; 0.73 and 0.90 depending on the degree of soil salinization from low to high. The hazard level was assessed as dangerous at a low degree and very dangerous at medium and high soil salinity. Complex measures improved the agrochemical indicators of the soil: the soil density decreased from 1.52 to 1.42 g/m3, and porosity increased from 38% to 49%, which improved oxygen access for plants. The content of mobile phosphorus in rainfed areas was critically low, which changed as a result of the comprehensive measures from 3.2 to 18.0 mg/kg, which corresponds to a low indicator. The concentration of exchangeable potassium in the soil increased from 210 to 340 mg/kg. In irrigated areas, the yield of corn increased by 4 times, and alfalfa - by 3.2 times compared to rainfed.

Conclusion. Soil productivity increased after the comprehensive measures, which made it possible to increase crop yields by 3-4 times.

Abstract. The article presents measures for the use of amino acids as growth stimulants in growing crops.

Problem and purpose. During its ontogenesis, the plant is constantly under stress. This can be drought, frost, excessive moisture, damage by diseases, pests and herbicides. Therefore, it is important to maintain plant immunity at a high level, which is facilitated by amino acids. This was the purpose of our research.

Methodology. Using a review of scientific literature, the results of our own research, scientific methods were applied.

Results. Amino acids are needed to ensure the vital activity of plant cells, but there are times (stress factors) when plants can accumulate a large number of free amino acids, which at the right time enter into reactions and can play the role of the so-called "protective screen", joining in various stages of the metabolic process. Therefore, when natural factors unfavorable for optimal growth and development of plants occur, an additional supply of amino acids from the outside significantly improves metabolic processes and activates phytohormones. Moreover, this occurs without unnecessary expenditure of internal resources of plant cells.

Conclusion. It is necessary to dissolve 30...50 ml of the preparation with amino acids in 10 liters of water and spray the leaves at intervals of 7...10 days. Another option for use is to add 1...1.5 liters of the preparation to 150...200 liters of water; this tank mixture is used per 1 ha.

Abstract. The article presents calculations of water consumption and bioclimatic coefficients of crops in soil-protective crop rotation in the zone of technogenic pollution depending on the food regime.

The problem and purpose. The main polluting enterprise in the region is Ryazan GRES, the emissions of which are distributed within a radius of 86.2 km. The emissions contain heavy metals (HM), the priority ones are Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, which affect the growth and development of plants. Another effective negative natural factor affecting plants is soil and atmospheric drought, dry winds. In combination, the influence of anthropogenic and natural factors can lead not only to a decrease in growth and deterioration in the development of plants, but also to their death. The situation in the agrophytocenosis can be changed by measures, for example, to ensure water balance in the soil, which will improve plant nutrition, change the mobility of toxicants, etc. This is the relevance of the study.

Methodology. The studies were conducted in Pronsky district, where agricultural fields are located in close proximity to the state district power plant and plants are subject to technogenic pressure. Previously, based on experiments, phytoremediant crops were identified, included in the soil-protective crop rotation, which was introduced and operated on the farm since 2006, then there was a break of 5 years. The soil was gray forest medium loamy having average fertility. HMs were determined by the spectral method. The water consumption (E, m3/ha) of agricultural crops was calculated using the water balance equation. Biological coefficients (Kb) of agricultural crops were calculated using the formula of A.M. Alpatyev and S.M. Alpatyev (1988). The obtained results were processed using Statistika 10 computer program.

Results. Research results showed a direct link between the supply of nutrients and fertilizers. The results of calculating the water consumption of crops showed low values in separate crops, and when introduced into crop rotation, the average water consumption per rotation was 880 m3/ha or 2 times more. Bioclimatic coefficients depending on water consumption were from 0.09 to 0.55 mm/mb depending on the type of crop and the phase of its development. The introduction of soil-protective crop rotation with irrigation allowed phytoremediant plants to remove a significant content of HMs from the soil with the harvest, but their concentration in plants themselves did not exceed the MAC. The yield of crops in soil-protective crop rotation increased by 100...255%.

Conclusion. The introduction of soil-protective crop rotation on soil contaminated with heavy metals is advisable, since active removal of pollutants by plants has been established, and the concentration of heavy metals in organs and tissues themselves did not exceed the MAC, due to the increase in water consumption, crop yields increased by 2-3 times.

Abstract. The article presents the results of long-term studies on the influence of different systems of cultivating saline soils of different fertility levels on salt content and yield of grass mixtures in conditions of Northern Kazakhstan.

Problem and purpose. On solonetz soils with a high sodium content, it is necessary to carry out complex measures to reduce, first of all, the content of exchangeable sodium. The purpose of our research was to study the influence of saline soil cultivating systems on salt content and yield of grass mixtures when applying fertilizers and gypsum-based ameliorants in conditions of Northern Kazakhstan.

Methodology. The research was conducted in Miras LLC, Akmola region, Northern Kazakhstan, on solonetz soils of different fertility levels with different methods of soil cultivation. The soil was used for pasture. The research methodology was traditional.

Results. The article provides a brief description of the soil profile of the experimental plot of Miras LLC agrofirm with an average fertility level and a content of 1-15% of easily soluble salts in the solonchak horizon. When using different soil cultivation systems, large changes were found on plot No. 2. The content of exchangeable sodium in the soil at different fertility levels decreased on all plots: plot No. 2 to 1.8-3.3%, plot No. 3 - 5.2-6.0% and plot No. 4 - 3.2-4.8%. And, conversely, the concentration of exchangeable calcium increased and was higher compared to the content of Mg salts. The bulk density of the eluvial horizon was in the range of 1.44-1.46 t/m3, increasing with depth to 1.50-1.55 t/m3. The density was greatly affected by moldboard-less cultivation with slitting (plot No. 4): the density decreased from 1.48 to 1.30 t/m3. During the study, variation sequences were formed, which are numerical indicators of the residual salt content in the soil ordered in ascending order after the implementation of a set of measures.

Conclusion. The optimal method of soil cultivation was moldboard-less cultivation with slitting, in which exchangeable sodium passes into the deeper soil layers, thereby improving conditions for plant growth and development

In September, the Network Scientific Journal of RSATU celebrated its 2nd anniversary. Over this period, 9 issues have been published, featuring 40 scientific articles by 97 authors from 14 institutions, including international contributions. The journal has reached the international level, with leading scholars among its authors, including academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In the new issue, at the bottom of the articles list, you can read the Editor-in-Chief’s address, dedicated to the journal’s development and the expanding community of authors.