Issue 2 (2)-2023

"Problem and purpose. Soils filter the aerial flow of heavy metals on their way into landscapes, which causes their more intense accumulation in this environment than in natural waters and the atmosphere. Heavy metals (HMs) are washed off the road surface and carried by wind with dust to adjacent agricultural lands. Pollutants accumulate in crops and can cause toxicity in animals and people. In this regard, it is necessary to monitor the content of toxic substances in soils regularly and, in case of exceeding the MPC, to carry out reclamation measures for detoxification or to exclude them from use in agricultural production. The purpose was to evaluate the possibility of cultivating crops near sources of pollution.

Methodology. 20 soil samples were studied by the atomic adsorption method for contamination with heavy metals in the zone of influence of motor transport near the agricultural lands of Avangard LLC, Ryazan district, Ryazan region, village of Khirino. Fertility indicators were studied and biotesting was performed using plant biotests. The research results were processed using Statistika 10 computer program.

Results. Testing the soil for zinc content, it was found to be present in quantities exceeding the standard. The concentration of other heavy metals was lower and corresponded to the maximum permissible concentration. An increase in the concentration of heavy metals in the soil closer to the highway and gas station was clearly visible. A synergistic adverse effect of vehicle exhaust gases carried from the road and emissions from gas stations on soil pollution in the agricultural landscape and plant growth rates was established. The evaluation of the possibility of cultivating crops near pollution sources was unfavorable.

Conclusion. Compared to the maximum permissible concentration, an excess of zinc content was detected in three samples. For other metals, the indicators corresponded to the norm. The width of the sanitary protection zone did not meet the standards, which caused intensive soil contamination with heavy metals and gas station emissions. The sanitary protection zone was represented by unstable plant species: common mountain ash, warty birch.

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"Problem and purpose. Due to the action of abiotic and biotic (including anthropogenic) factors on previously reclaimed lands, processes of soil degradation have developed, which are used in agricultural production. To increase their fertility, it is necessary to regulate the food regime, for example, with modern technologies using ameliorants. It is possible to improve the water regime of reclaimed lands by creating optimal conditions for cultivated crops by regulating the groundwater level (GWL). At the present stage, it is already possible to use digital technologies online. The purpose of our research was to study changes in biometric indicators of plant height when regulating food and water regimes using the agronomic mechanism of digital technologies.

Methodology. To achieve this purpose, vegetation and lysimetric experiments were carried out with an ameliorant at a dose of 10, 15 and 20 t/ha. In the growing season, the moisture deficit was replenished by irrigation; in the lysimetric experiment, by simulating the groundwater level at 0.5 and 0.9 m. Biometric measurements were performed online automatically using the AMPR program developed by Professor Yu.P. Dobrachev. The results were processed using statistical methods.

Results. The research results showed that increasing the dose of the ameliorant to 20 t/ha did not contribute to the maximum plant growth, which, in turn, affected the barley yield. In the vegetation experiment, the height of plants in option 3 was 33.2 cm and in the lysimetric experiment it was 35.10 cm in option 9 with simulated groundwater level at 0.9 m. The barley yield changed accordingly and was graphically represented by an S-shaped curve.

Conclusion. The efficiency of applying the ameliorant at a dose of 15 t/ha to spring barley plants of Kati variety has been established when simulating the groundwater level at 0.9 m. The results obtained will be summarized and presented in the form of recommendations to managers of the Novoselki agricultural holding.

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"Problem and purpose. Ryazan GRES is one of the most environmentally hazardous enterprises due to the transgenic transfer of toxicants within a radius of 87.2 km. It is required to carry out soil protection measures on lands near the source of pollution. Biological measures include the use of soil-protective crop rotation with the inclusion of phytoremediant crops. The purpose of the research was to study the role of soil-protective crop rotation in the ecological stability of the agricultural landscape in the zone of influence of Ryazan GRES.

Methodology. The ecological situation on the territory of Pronsk is alarming. Weather conditions differed within the growing season, but they tended towards aridity. The scheme of the plot experiment included variants of phytoremediant plants under irrigation. The calculations used traditional formulas to calculate coefficients reflecting the level of concentration of substances. Determining the priority concentrations of heavy metals such as copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in the soil for the region was given first priority. To analyze them, the method of semi-quantitative spectral analysis was used with a specialized device - a spectrophotometer. The research results were processed using Statistika 10 computer program.

Results. The concentration coefficients of heavy metals for perennial grasses in crop rotation were calculated, showing the total pollution Z=8.33. During the rotation of agricultural crops HMs were removed about 4 500 g/ha. The studied vegetation samples exhibited varying total dry matter mass, ranging from largest to smallest as follows: starting with corn, then rye, followed by perennial grasses, then oats, followed by millet and peas.

Conclusion. The role of soil-protective crop rotation in the ecological stability of the agricultural landscape in the zone of influence of Ryazan GRES is significant: in one growing season, three cuttings formed by grasses produced up to 22 t/ha of herbage, corn for early silage - 38 t/ha, winter rye - 3.7 t/ha, oats - 16 t/ha. In the case when agricultural products meet established quality standards, the use of a crop rotation system aimed at protecting contaminated soils contributes to the constant removal of heavy metals from the soil.

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"The cultivation of agricultural crops used in the production of products can be considered the main direction in the development of technology and equipment for cereal production. Millet is an early ripening crop grown in the southern regions of Russia. Millet is a drought-resistant crop that produces stable grain yields and allows to expand the range of raw materials to improve the food supply in Russia. The article examines varieties of millet from the world collection of the All-Russian Institute of Plant Growing Named after N.I. Vavilov.

Problem and purpose. The creation of highly productive agrocenoses is one of the areas of successful crop production. Growing various cultivated plants and the presence of a large number of crop areas in the risky farming zone requires a thorough study of plant biology. The selection of drought-resistant plants is of great importance for the cultivation of agricultural crops, such crops include millet.

The arid climate of Saratov region requires the development of new varieties with potential and adaptive properties of resistance to stressful environmental conditions. The purpose of the research was to study collection samples of millet, create characteristic and genetic collections of new donors and sources for their use in breeding practice and identify valuable source material for new varieties.

Methodology. The article examines varieties of millet from the All-Russian collection of crop production (VIR). The studies were conducted in 2022-2023 on the experimental field of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Research Institute of Sorghum and Corn, Federal State Budgetary Institution RosNIISK Rossorgo. Materials received in 2022-2023 personally by the authors or conducted with their direct participation were studied. Accounting and observations were carried out according to methodological instructions “Study of the world collection of millet”.

The collection under study included 34 varieties: k - 2733, k - 9217, k - 9991, k - 10343, k - 9838, k - 9839, k - 9840, k - 9842, k - 9843, k - 9845, k - 9846, k -10412, k - 10212, k - 10214, k - 10378, k - 10380, k -10306, k - 10411, k - 10129, k - 10312, k - 10361, k - 10323, k - 9699, k - 10036, k - 10364, k - 10380, k - 10311, k - 10434, k - 10178, k - 1669 Russia, k - 9511 - GDR, k - 10412, k - 10212, k - 10214 - Tatarstan.

Results. The breeding activities of the institutes staff were aimed at obtaining highly productive and early ripening varieties of millet, adapted to unfavorable environmental conditions to obtain high-quality cereals - millet.

Conclusion. During the study, promising lines of the global gene pool of the VIR collection were identified in the collection. As a result of scientific work in 2022-2023 valuable breeding material was obtained, which would be included in the further breeding process.

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Problem and purpose. The article presents evaluation of the interrelationships of economically valuable and physiological characteristics of grain sorghum. The parameters of swelling on different osmotic solutions were studied, drought resistance was evaluated, the integral parameter of plant response to stress was calculated according to the root-shoot ratio – RSR index, grain yield and sorghum biomass were given. Strong and medium correlations were revealed.

Methodology. The study of the correlation between the economic and valuable properties of grain sorghum was relevant, because it allowed optimizing the work on sorghum breeding at the early stages of development and growth. Scientists of the Institute conducted an experiment on the swelling of sorghum seeds in distilled water, sucrose solutions of different concentrations: 8.3% (6 atm.), 12.4% (9 atm.), 16.5% (12 atm.), 20.7% (15 atm.), 24.8% (18 atm.). The experiment involved a sucrose solution – 72 atmospheres with an osmotic pressure of 19 atmospheres and potassium nitrate – 72 atmospheres.

Results. The calculated correlation coefficients of the main physiological and breeding characteristics indicated the expediency of selecting a starting material characterized by high yield, swelling of seeds (in hypertonic solutions), resistance to stress effects (osmotics of different concentrations). In the samples of grain sorghum, the correlation of grain yield with the value of the average moisture loss of leaves during wilting for 1 hour per day was revealed – 0.67.

Conclusion. When analyzing the conjugacy of yield and physiological characteristics considered at the early stages of the development of grain sorghum samples, a negative correlation was determined between the length of the seedling in the experiment with sucrose 18 atm. and the seed yield r = -0.65 – -0.60.