Issue 2 (4)-2024

Abstract. One of the important indicators is the content of humus and organic matter. The dynamics of humus can be assessed under natural conditions by soil sampling and laboratory research, using a mathematical deterministic model, thermodynamic calculation using integral indicators.

Problem and purpose. In order to assess the humus content in the soil, we used the above methods and made a comparative analysis of their results. This was the purpose of the author's work.

Methodology. The work was carried out at LAG Service-Agro LLC in Zakharovsky district of Ryazan region on leached chernozem of low fertility. An organic fertilizer based on animal waste was applied once for oats and winter rye in crop rotations. From an agronomic point of view, the optimal doses were 10 t/ha and 15 t/ha, respectively. Humus dynamics were assessed using a laboratory method to determine the actual content, an online automated system, and an empirical thermodynamic balance method.

Results. The humus content in the soil three years after the application of the organic fertilizer based on animal waste in crop rotation with oats increased by 0.1...0.2±0.01% and with winter rye by 0.2-0.4±0.01%. In terms of the degree of humus content, the soil moved from the class of less than the minimum content to low humus content. The use of a mathematical deterministic model in assessing the dynamics of humus showed online a positive balance of organic matter in the variants with oats and winter rye for a layer of 0-25 cm. The accumulation of organic matter was affected by the presence of soil erosion, the assessment of which was slightly higher than the indicators of the 1st degree of erosion.

Conclusion. Calculations in field studies, using empirical dependencies in the form of a mathematical deterministic model and a thermodynamic balance equation in the 0-25 cm layer, showed little variability, which indicated a high degree of reliability.

Abstract.

Problem and purpose. The main means of production in agriculture is soil, and its main property is fertility. The level of soil fertility decreased significantly with the beginning of economic transformations in the country, when almost no fertilizers were applied, and reclamation systems were aging and collapsing. Nowadays, the important task of preserving and restoring lost fertility is urgently facing agricultural producers, so a search is underway for modern fertilizers that solve several problems at once: this is a fertilizer, an activator of soil microflora, an acidity regulator, etc. A mathematical deterministic model will help to have online at a specific time information about agrochemical properties of the soil, in particular nitrogen nutrition.

Methodology. The studies used a mathematical deterministic model, consisting of two blocks, taking into account the concentration of nitrogen in the soil, along with other substances, the influence of weather factors, primarily on the transformation of organic matter in reclaimed peat soil.

Results. The results for option 9 when applying ameliorant at a dose of 15 t/ha and regulating the groundwater level at 0.9 m were the best. The initial humus content was expressed as a % content, fresh organic matter supplied with ameliorant was expressed as the amount of dry matter of the substance. The decomposition of fresh organic matter was 0.47. The buffer capacity of the soil at the end of the growing season of the 3rd year of research was equal to 4.7 mg/100 g of soil. The transition from the ammonium form of nitrogen to the nitrate form was at 18%.

Conclusion. Summarizing the above, it should be noted that the automation of scientific research has made it possible to observe online changes in a specific process, in particular nitrogen nutrition, at a specific point in time and soil layer, in dynamics from the perspective of a systems approach. To display the dynamics of soil nitrogen nutrition when applying ameliorant and regulating the groundwater level, without sampling and conducting laboratory tests, it was possible to obtain initial data for calculations and obtain information about changes when applying ameliorant and regulating the groundwater level.

Abstract.

Problem and purpose. From the standpoint of thermodynamics, soil is an integral, multicomponent environment where thermodynamic processes occur irreversibly. To understand the specifics of assessing the dynamics of humus and soil fertility, a thermodynamic approach can be used. It is in humus that energy processes occur, expressed in thermodynamic characteristics. The purpose of the research was to assess the dynamics of humus in soils of the main natural and climatic zones of Russia.

Methodology. The work was carried out based on materials from an agrochemical survey of soils in the main natural-climatic zones of the European part of Russia using theoretical models and thermodynamic equations of open systems. Long-term data on different types of soil and natural and climatic zones of our country were summarized.

Results. Calculations of humus dynamics were carried out according to proposed by A.I. Golovanov model with subsequent calculation of the dynamics of humus reserves for the main natural zones of Russia and their characteristic soil types under conditions of agricultural use - plowing. Eliminating humus deficiency was possible only with the introduction of organic fertilizers and complex land reclamation, which, from the point of view of applying the thermodynamic approach, could increase the internal energy of soils by increasing the humus content in soils. As a result of complex reclamation (drainage in the humid zone, sprinkling in chernozem soil and irrigation in the semi-desert zone), an increase in humus reserves was observed. In the process of the research, an assessment was made of the dynamics of the formation of productivity of agrocenoses to ensure maximum productivity of renewable (biological) resources and their effective use, the involvement of which would not lead to the development of degradation processes and pollution processes.

Conclusion. As the main method for studying soils as open systems, a thermodynamic approach was proposed, which allowed total consideration of the processes of transformation of material and energy flows in a natural object. The thermodynamic balance equation of the underlying soil surface was studied and it showed that its structure changed significantly under natural conditions and under reclamation influences.

Abstract.

Problem and purpose. Soil microflora quickly responds to any changes, especially the nutritional regime. The microbiocenosis in the soil is represented by soil microorganisms themselves, the microflora of manure and the microbiological preparation, as a result of which various relationships develop between them. The purpose of the research was to study the activity and mechanism of cellulose destruction in leached chernozem in a production experiment when applying organic fertilizer based on animal waste to grain crops.

Methodology. The production experiment was carried out at JSC LAG Service-AGRO in Zakharovsky district of Ryazan region. The research method and assessment of the activity of the cellulose destruction process were according to Zvyagintsev. Statistical processing of research results when calculating correlation coefficients and coefficients of determination was with Statistika 10 computer program.

Results. When applying organic fertilizer based on animal waste, the process of cellulose decomposition increased significantly. Under oats, over three months of exposure of flax fabric, more than 80% decomposed, which, according to Zvyagintsev scale, was characterized as a strong activity of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms. The greatest activity of the process was established in mid-June. Under winter rye, more than 87% decomposed, which, according to Zvyagintsev scale, was characterized as very strong. The maximum intensity of the process was observed at the end of May. The issue of the mechanism of cellulose destruction was theoretically considered.

Conclusion. Cellulose-degrading activity increased under the influence of the microflora inhabiting the soil, weather factors, the nature of vegetation, the volume of incoming organic fertilizer and the properties of the soil itself. Under oats, the activity of the process was weaker by almost 6%. The mechanism of destruction of linen fabric was represented by successive stages of deformation and destruction of fibers.

Abstract.

Problem and purpose. Scientific research using nanotechnology, namely the processing of seed material of agricultural crops before sowing with metal nanoparticles in an ultrafine state, shows its effectiveness in the form of an increase in yield and an increase in the accumulation of biologically active substances in the resulting products, which is confirmed by the work of many scientists. The aim of the work was to study the effect of copper-based nanoparticles of different physico-chemical properties on vegetable crops in the field.

Methodology. In the field, studies were conducted on the effect of copper nanoparticles, copper oxide nanoparticles and a nanocomposite based on copper nanoparticles on the productivity of carrots and table beets.

Results. During the pre-sowing treatment of carrot seeds, high yields were achieved using a solution of copper nanocomposite - + 23.4%, while the average weight of carrot root crops was 16.4% higher than the control values. During the pre-sowing treatment of table beet seeds with copper nanoparticles, the yield of root crops increased by 11.4%, treatment with copper oxide nanoparticles did not significantly affect the yield. The use of nanocomposite increased yields by 28.4% due to an increase in the number and average weight of root crops.

Conclusion. The conducted studies have shown that in the nanocomposite variant, the results are more effective in terms of overall value, due to the presence of a natural component – a polysaccharide.